hong kong policing system
Since 2008, the Hong Kong Police Force have brought in the use of Battenburg markings for new police vehicles of the Traffic Branch Headquarters. The last European inspectorate officers joined in 1994. Sword design was based on 1897 pattern British Army infantry officer's sword and used for formal occasions such as parade out or Legal Opening Day. [10], The 1950s saw the commencement of Hong Kong's 40-year rise to global prominence, during which time the Hong Kong Police tackled many issues that have challenged Hong Kong's stability. For several decades, Hong Kong was a 'rough-and-tumble' port with a 'wild west' attitude to law and order. The 'Royal' title was bestowed upon the HKPF for their efforts in quelling communist riots in 1967. When war came again in 1941, an unknown number of police officers and reserves - Chinese, Indian, European and Eurasian - had their lives taken by the Japanese during both the main conflict and the occupation. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, Learn how and when to remove this template message, ten-month campaign of insurrection, bombing and murder, Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC), allegations of misconduct during the 2019 protests, Historic police station buildings in Hong Kong, "Chapter 4 Changes to the Policing Model and the Return of Hong Kong to China 1994–1999", "4) Changes to the Policing Model and the Return of Hong Kong to China 1994–1999", "Hong Kong Police Force awards ten-year biometrics contract", "Police fired at least 3 teargas canisters", "Police fire tear gas and baton charge thousands of Occupy Central protesters", "Hong Kong police fight with protesters amid rising tensions", "Hong Kong Protesters Clash With Police Inside Shopping Mall", "police failed to display ID numbers, as security chief says uniform has 'no room, "Trio launch court action against Hong Kong police over failure to display identification numbers during anti-government protests", https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/hong-kong-police-arrest-4-alleged-national-security-breach-under, https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2020/07/20200703/20200703_140841_083.html, "Hong Kong: People invited to snitch on their neighbours", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Hong_Kong_Police&oldid=988369219, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from June 2011, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia introduction cleanup from June 2011, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from June 2011, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2019, Miscellaneous articles needing expert attention, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, All Wikipedia articles written in Hong Kong English, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2012, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2012, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Kam C. Wong, Policing in Hong Kong (Ashgate, 2012), Kam C. Wong. The recruitment of Europeans to the force ceased in 1994,[13] and in 1995 the Royal Hong Kong Police took responsibility for patrolling the boundary with China. [29] In addition, all officers enjoy extensive housing benefits, free medical and dental benefits (including coverage of family members), with substantial vacation, sick and maternity leave allowances exceeding statutory minimums. T means Traffic Police, KW means Kowloon West, and 2 means the second car of the Kowloon West Traffic Unit. After teething troubles, including a mass walkout by officers in 1977, by the early '80s a combination of the ICAC, firm police management, better emoluments and an amnesty had succeeded in destroying the overall culture, removing powerful figures, educating against greed and increasing instances of accountability. The officers joined the police force while Hong Kong was still under British rule, in the 1990s, and now occupy senior roles. The history of the Hong Kong Police originates in 1841, when the Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) was officially established by the British colonial government, the same year that the British had settled in Hong Kong. Pips were modified with the Bauhinia flower in the middle replacing the insignia from the Order of the Bath. Images show police hitting people with batons and using pepper spray on a train in Hong Kong's metro. On 30 April 1841, twelve weeks after the British had landed in Hong Kong, orders were given by Captain Charles Elliot to establish a police force in the new colony.[why?] All HKPF officers are employed as civil servants and hence required to uphold their political neutrality. While cap badges and other insignia changed with the ending of British rule, the basic khaki and dark blue uniforms of the colonial period remained in use. South China Morning Post - Cliff Buddle. The force was granted the use of the title ‘royal’ in 1969 for its handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots—renaming it the Royal Hong Kong Police Force (Traditional Chinese: 皇家香港警務處). [43][44]. Carroll, John Mark. [8]:17 Caine's role as head of the police force ended when its first Superintendent was appointed on 22 February 1844, Captain Haly of the 41st Madras Native Infantry. Pursuant to the one country, two systems principle, HKPF is officially independent of the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, which under usual circumstances may not interfere with Hong Kong's local law enforcement affairs. Until 2007, EU, PTU, and TP vehicles have identification markings like this (1/3 PTUD, 23 EUKW, 2 TKW).[45]. In the 1970s and 1980s, large numbers of Vietnamese people arrived in Hong Kong, putting considerable strain on police resources – first for the marine police who intercepted them, then for the officers who processed them and manned the dozens of camps in the territory, and lastly for those who had to repatriate unsuccessful asylum applicants up until 1997. EU means Emergency Unit, KW means Kowloon West, and 23 means the 23rd car of the Kowloon Emergency Unit. He generally acts as second in command in a head quarter. The force played a prominent role in the process of the handover of sovereignty in 1997 and continues to perform ceremonial flag-raising on each anniversary. Traffic Police cars include TKW 2. Hong Kong’s existing police complaint system is not fit for purpose and the police force should not be trusted to investigate itself. Dark blue cargo trousers and black caps are worn by all officers. The older khaki uniforms were used for many decades. The independence of Hong Kong's judiciary is seen as crucial to its role as an international financial hub and an interface between mainland China's closed capital system and … Part Two tracks the history of the HKP's formation in the 1840s and examines how colonial policing in Hong Kong has changed over time. Hong Kong Police Force uniform currently comprises: Uniform Branch: Dark navy blue jacket with the words 'Police', in English and Chinese, in reflective white tape, on the front left breast and back. It was established by the British Hong Kong government on 1 May 1844. The rank structure, organisation and insignia are similar to those used by the Metropolitan Police Service until the mid-1970s. At the time of its establishment, the police force consisted of thirty-two men. After the war, the mechanism of government in Hong Kong was in shambles; no men or equipment, devastated buildings and important resources like intelligence files, fingerprints, criminal records and personnel documents all lost or destroyed. [41], Up until 1997, uniforms and hats had distinctions according to their rank. The Sikhs however continued to be distinguished by red turbans. police accountability, thus the title “Policing the HKP.” This is a first attempt to provide for a comprehensive, descriptive, and analytical account of the police accountability system in Hong Kong. Uniform colour was black, however officers who had received a Commissioner of Police Commendation, or HE Governor's Commendation, were issued with and could wear a plaited black, yellow and red (Force colours) lanyard (for CP's Commendation) or red for Governor's. From the return of HKPF, all patrol officers and inspectors had their whistle taken off. While changes have been implemented throughout the People's Republic of China (PRC) since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the Hong Kong Police Force (formerly the Royal Hong Kong Police Force) has since been responsible for serving the city. The 1950s saw the start of Hong Kong's forty-year rise to global eminence. [36] These funds were also the recipients of, in total, HK$10 million of largess in 2017 from an undisclosed donor.[34]. This uniform was worn until about 2005 when the force switched to a slightly modernized version of the Winter Uniform, to be worn all year round. This article was originally published by Radio Free Asia and is reprinted with permission. [31], A donation of HK$10 million by the pro-Beijing Friends of Hong Kong Association, which consists of National People’s Congress delegates and members of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference national committee, in 2019, raised concern,[33] as did a 2017 donation of HK$15 million,[34] that fringe benefits may be inadequate. It is a British rank and the countries following the British police model often incorporate this rank in their police service. They are fitted with a black whistle on the front right pocket and insignia on the collar for commissioned officers. In 1961, the responsibility for immigration, customs, and excise duties passed out of the duties of the Hong Kong Police Force. [4], In April 2012, the Hong Kong Police Force publicly confirmed a ten-year contractual agreement with the 3M Cogent company to develop the biometric arm of the organization. In addition, these new vehicles show the Force crest on the front part of the vehicle, which the Force has not used in the design of new vehicles for the last two decades. Strong leadership, both of Hong Kong and of the force, began to pay dividends towards the latter part of the 19th century, and business prospered accordingly. [17], During the 1940s, the HKPF faced a number of corruption scandals involving officers. Chief inspector is a rank which is not used by the police forces in most of the countries. The Royal Hong Kong Police Force (RHKP) reverted to its former name after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to People's Republic of China.[6]. The Hong Kong Police Force and SDU have also appeared in popular video game series such as Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege and Sleeping Dogs. Inspector to senior superintendent ranks have an insignia on the collar of the uniform. Summer Uniform: Green Khaki drill tropical shirts and trousers or Bermuda shorts, worn with black Sam Browne Belts. During this time, the police, along with members of departments like Public Works, Fire, Transport and others, all had their own distinct methods of earning illicit income to boost their meagre wages. Senior Superintendents and Chief Superintendents have a wide white stripe on their hats, Assistant and Senior Assistant Commissioners have 1 row of silver oak leaves on the edge of their hats while Deputy Commissioner and Commissioner has 2 rows of silver oak leaves, a slide with a silver vertical line on the collar of the uniform, a black baton, and a red whistle or a black and white whistle on the front right pocket. The same summer uniform and winter uniform was worn until 2005. [18][19], More recently, the Hong Kong Police Force has faced extensive allegations of misconduct during the 2019 protests including excessive force,[20][21] brutality,[22] torture,[23] and falsified evidence. The first female inspector joined in 1949, followed by the first intake of Woman Police Constables in 1951 - currently about 14 percent of the force is female, being represented in all ranks between constable and assistant commissioner. Until 1997, the St Edward's Crown was used in the insignia, when it was replaced with the Bauhinia flower crest of the Hong Kong government. Motives and opportunities for corruption were many and varied, but mainly included poor pay and worries about China invading and abolishing pensions, while opportunities resulted from the vibrant growth in economic progress and its industrious, self-starting people were forming thousands of small street-level businesses all ripe for "protection.". [15], In November 2020, the Hong Kong Police Force launched a hotline where residents can report breaches of the national security law that China imposed earlier in the year.[16]. [7], A police force has been serving Hong Kong since shortly after the island was established as a colony in 1841. Nevertheless, the situation presented an opportunity to "start from scratch" and after the 'British Military Administration', during which Colonel C.H. History of the police force under British and Chinese rule. Hong Kong police have said their new definition of media representatives will help frontline officers enforce the law. Responsibility for law and order on the railway system, which runs through several Police Districts, is vested in the Railway District. Princess Alexandra was appointed by Queen Elizabeth II to become the Commandant General of the Royal Hong Kong Police.[when?]. In the 1970s and 1980s, large numbers of Vietnamese boat people arrived in Hong Kong, posing challenges first for marine police, secondly for officers who manned the dozens of camps in the territory and lastly for those who had to repatriate them. HONG KONG—Hong Kong’s High Court ruled on Thursday that the city government had failed to provide an independent mechanism to handle police complaints, breaching the Asian financial hub’s Bill of Rights on torture and cruel treatment.. Hong Kong’s Journalist Association had launched a judicial review in 2019 following widespread anti-government protests, arguing that the government … The Hong Kong Police Force and its previous incarnation have been the subject of many films and television shows, including the locally produced Police Story film series, The Criminal Investigator, Infernal Affairs film series, Cold War, and OCTB. [citation needed]. Instead, Pakistani and Shandong Chinese were recruited as constables, and this went on until the early 1960s. Responsibility for the city's prisons passed out of the control of the police in 1879. This article was originally published by Radio Free Asia and is reprinted with permission. An anti-government demonstrator walks past tear gas on Christmas Eve in Hong Kong, China, Dec. 24, 2019. As Hong Kong began to flourish and make its place in the world, Britain began to take a dim view of the government's lack of grip in both public and private sectors, and officials with strong values and Victorian concepts of management and discipline were sent to raise standards. The Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) is the primary law enforcement, investigation agency, and largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong. (December 1941 until August 1945) forced authorities to wind down the Sikh contingent. Internet fraud is rampant and Hong Kong is a key target for the transfer of funds. Tactical Units: these uniforms are identical to those of the Uniform Branch officers, although berets are worn rather than caps and trousers are tucked into boots. "E" was later assigned to White Russians who arrived from Siberia after the Russian Civil War. Hong Kong police officers were substantiated over the past year, after many complaints were withdrawn, resolved informally or could not be pursued, according to the force’s watchdog. [18] Police corruption again emerged as a major concern in the early 1970s when the Commissioner ordered investigations to break the culture of corruption, causing forty-odd officers to flee Hong Kong with more than HK$80 million cash (about HK$2 million each). The Marine Police, with a fleet of 114 police … [35], Two trust funds established by statute in 1967 add further to the benefits enjoyed by members of the force. The headgear worn during the 19th century varied according to ethnicity: the whites wore kepis, the Sikh Indians had turbans, and the Chinese wore a form of straw conical Asian hat. “Rome was not built in one day”. The Commissioner of Police serves as the commander of the HKPF and reports directly to the Secretary for Security. Piracy on the seas was a constant challenge for the Water Police. Currently, they include the: The four serving officers' associations wield significant power, controlling half of the voting rights on the Police Force Council. Prior to 1995, the British Army had operated the border patrol. A chief inspector in Hong Kong generally assists the superintendent of police in commanding the police divisions and headquarters. Following this, in the spring of 1967, at the time of the Cultural Revolution in China, left-wing workers instigated long and bloody riots. Attracting funds in excess of HK$50 million per annum, almost entirely donations,[31] the fund trustee, the Commissioner of Police, has unfettered freedom to choose how the funds are to be expended. (Tyrone Siu/Reuters) An independent inquiry into police handling of … Senior Constable, Sergeant and Station Sergeant ranks had their ranks moved to their shoulder slides. The Royal Hong Kong Police Force (RHKP) reverted to its former name after the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to People's Republic of China. Hong Kong's High Court ruled on Thursday that the city's police force is in breach of human rights protections by refusing to allow an independent body to examine complaints against officers. Corruption emerged as a prominent issue in Hong Kong in the 1960s; the Hong Kong Police—as did almost every government department—experienced this[why?] They are white (similar to No.3 Warm weather ceremonial uniform) or dark tunic. [13], With the passage of the Hong Kong national security law, the force has established the National Security Department, charged with investigating and arresting offenders for NSL violations. [32] The Commissioner disburses the bulk of its annual expenditure in the form of cash grants to police officers and their families. [38] Government consultations with Police Force staff are formally conducted through the council[39] and the associations figure prominently at times of controversy. When Japan invaded Hong Kong on December 8, 1941, the Commissioner of Police was John Pennefather-Evans, and through his wartime internment, he worked secretly to draft a conceptual plan for the reorganisation of the force, presenting his plan in July 1946[where?]. Police say they were called to the scene amid … Between 1949 and 1989, Hong Kong experienced several huge waves of immigration from mainland China, most notably 1958–62. A concise history of Hong Kong. [citation needed], In 1974, the Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) was created to give government wide-ranging powers to investigate corruption. Consequently, many members of the force were equally rough individuals. In 1966, Communist groups fanned the flames of discontent: Riots broke out over a price rise on the Star Ferry. [citation needed] With the handover of sovereignty, the police force dropped the prefix "Royal" from its name. While changes have been implemented throughout the People's Republic of China (PRC) since the transfer of sovereignty in 1997, the Hong Kong Police Force (formerly the Royal Hong Kong Police Force) has since been responsible for serving the city. Besides the richness of a variety of delicious foods, romantic sunsets of Capri, the golden voice of Luciano Pavarotti and other classical music legends, the sound of the Opera and mandolins all around that fill the atmosphere and the gifts of ancient history that the mangnifico Italia boasts ,Italy is also home to THE ITALIAN MAFIA. Hong Kong Bank Scam and Internet Investigation Unit. Numerous associations of serving and retired police officers have been formed over the years. ", "Police fired at least 3 teargas canisters", "Police fire tear gas and baton charge thousands of Occupy Central protesters", Drug Traffic: Narcotics and Organised Crime in Australia, http://www.scmp.com/article/517892/police-chief-who-tore-mask-corruption-force, "Hong Kong police fight with protesters amid rising tensions", "Hong Kong Protesters Clash With Police Inside Shopping Mall", "Two cops accused of torturing man bound to hospital bed", "HK police deny framing, beating protester", "police failed to display ID numbers, as security chief says uniform has 'no room, "Trio launch court action against Hong Kong police over failure to display identification numbers during anti-government protests", "Police Welfare Fund - Annual Report 2017/18", "CAP 232 POLICE FORCE ORDINANCE Section 39E What the Police Welfare Fund may be used for", "The Friends of Hong Kong Association, formed of National People's Congress delegates and Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference national committee members", "Police Children's Education Trust and Police Education & Welfare Trust", "Second Hong Kong police union blasts chief secretary for apology over Yuen Long attack response", "Rainbow Six Siege Blood Orchid: operators, release date, map – everything we know", A History of the Hong Kong Police Force in Pictures, “Policing the Pearl: Historical Transformations of Law Enforcement in Hong Kong.”, Economic Analysis and Business Facilitation Unit, Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Office, Sales of First-hand Residential Properties Authority, Secretariat, Commissioner on Interception of Communications and Surveillance, Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Committee for Safeguarding National Security of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Strike Hard Campaign Against Violent Terrorism, Information operations and information warfare, Residential Surveillance at a Designated Location, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_Police_Force&oldid=993738878, Hong Kong government departments and agencies, Organisations based in Hong Kong with former royal patronage, Pages using law enforcement agency with local civilian police general nature, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2019, Articles needing additional references from October 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from April 2020, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Regular establishment: 35,790 (2020 to 2021). The independence of Hong Kong's judiciary is seen as crucial to its role as an international financial hub and an interface between mainland China's closed capital system and … Chief Inspectors have a wide black stripe fitted on their police hats. For example, senior constable and sergeant ranks are plastic ranks on the sleeve of the uniform. Judge Anderson Chow found that the city government has a duty under the Bill of Rights to ensure an … [25] Several lawsuits were filed in October 2019 against the HKPF for failure to refusal to show identification during protests.[26][27]. The HKPF is divided into five primary departments: Operations and Support, Crime and Security, Personnel and Training, Management Services, and Finance, Administration & Planning. Tunic may be removed under warmer weather. [30], In addition, officers and their families enjoy substantial fringe benefits through the statutorily entrenched Police Welfare Fund which has current assets exceeding HK$200 million. 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And Skyscraper [ 40 ], Up until 1997, uniforms and had! Have an insignia on the police forces in most of the Hong Kong,. The court also ruled that police officers in summer uniform in 1954 its establishment the... Summer uniform and winter uniform was worn until 2005 the bulk of its establishment, the Kong... Largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong Kong and elsewhere takes on the railway District and takes. Page was last edited on 12 December 2020, at 06:00 the border.... China, most notably 1958–62 Rush Hour and Skyscraper their shoulder slides Territories follows a similar.. Or Bermuda shorts, worn with black Sam Browne Belts definition of media representatives will help officers... Moved to their shoulder slides force - Certificate of No Criminal Conviction resist establishing a separate brigade. With black Sam Browne Belts government on 1 May 1844 taken off benefits enjoyed members... 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And 1989, Hong Kong police force played a prominent role in relation to benefits... - Certificate of No Criminal Conviction the Commissioner disburses the bulk of its establishment, HKPF..., which runs through several police Districts, is the largest disciplined under. Aims to identify the major institutional factors that have facilitated or otherwise hindered the of! Right pocket and insignia are similar to No.3 Warm weather ceremonial uniform ) or dark tunic a black whistle the. Edited on 12 December 2020, at 06:00 Edwina Lau, Deputy Commissioner of police ( HKP ), tasked... Sikh contingent Reflective vests with white sleeves are an alternative the police force consisted of thirty-two men their definition... Were used for many decades tasked to head the Unit in summer uniform and winter uniform was until... Have said their new definition of media representatives will help frontline officers enforce the law the mid-1970s equipped. This paper is about HKP power, its proper exercise and effective control i.e! Experienced several huge waves of immigration from mainland China, most notably 1958–62 which a. Since shortly after the Russian civil War complaints system highlights judicial independence uniforms were used for many.! The Security Bureau of Hong Kong police ( National Security ), is the largest disciplined service under Security. Police say they were called to the force struggled with corruption issues relating to from! Police lost ten men during the 1940s, the British Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the of... Duties have additional yellow emergency vehicle lighting 1900 dark blue had become standard, although the style and still! Weather, Reflective vests with white sleeves are an alternative uniform can be seen in some of older! 14 ] Edwina Lau, Deputy Commissioner of police serves as the Hong Kong force... Ruled that police officers and Inspectors had their whistle taken off General of the.... Not prominently displaying their identification numbers also violated the Bill of Rights hitting! Was not to head the force were equally rough individuals on its own feet again in 1946! The uniform incorporate this rank in their police hats of community policing in Hong Kong and Hollywood movies inaugural! ] Edwina Lau, Deputy Commissioner of police serves as the Hong Kong are equipped with both and. ], during the 1950s and 1960s, the HKPF for their efforts in quelling communist riots 1967. And effective control, i.e and Shandong Chinese were recruited as constables and... From syndicated drugs and illegal gambling operations until the mid-1970s insignia from the return of HKPF, all patrol and. Been civil disorder Sikh contingent to stand on its own feet again in May 1946 and gambling... Fitted with a black whistle on the collar for commissioned officers the policing of Hong Kong government on May. 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Violated the Bill of Rights progressive [ how? ] prefix `` Royal '' from its name commissioned officers emblem... Required to uphold their political neutrality the 1950s and 1960s, the HKPF include Rush Hour Skyscraper. Are worn by most hong kong policing system, whilst white shirts are worn by officers. In 1945, firefighting responsibilities passed to a separate investigatory mechanism, such a! Successfully tackled many issues that had challenged the city 's stability the chief Magistrate [. And Hong Kong 's metro 'Royal ' title was bestowed upon the HKPF for efforts. Broke out over a price rise on the collar of the police under! Of immigration from mainland China, most notably 1958–62 it is a rank which not! Worn with black Sam Browne Belts an insignia on the collar of the force were equally individuals... Which saw a ten-month campaign of insurrection, bombing and murder, and... It was established as a colony in 1841 force under British and Chinese rule decades. Cargo trousers and black caps are worn by senior officers for ceremonial occasions crest was also changed, replacing Royal... Command in a head quarter police model often incorporate this rank in their hong kong policing system service until the mid-1970s huge of... The main towns of the countries or otherwise hindered the development of community policing in Hong Kong Island Kowloon! Spray on a train in Hong Kong police had successfully tackled many issues that had the... In relation to the race of the force was gazetted on 1 May 1844 by Metropolitan! Discontent: riots broke out over a price rise on the Star Ferry collar of the of. Of all ranks and insignia to those used by the police officer.. The Star Ferry and 1960s, the HKPF faced a number of corruption involving. Incorporate this rank in their police hats order on the community 's local color and hue in practice force Hong! To be distinguished by red turbans operated the border patrol of 32 officers drugs and illegal gambling operations a. This change would curry favour with the central government of China largest disciplined service under Security... Institutional factors that have facilitated or otherwise hindered the development of community in. Also served as the Hong Kong police force consisted of thirty-two men turmoil which a! In central Hong Kong and elsewhere takes on the collar of the Royal Hong Kong lost... A commission of inquiry Sam Browne Belts had their whistle taken off the uniform by Radio Free Asia is... Aims to identify the major institutional factors that have facilitated or otherwise the!
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